Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad was born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski in the Polish lands then ruled by Russia. His parents were exiled for their part in the Polish struggle for freedom, and both had died by the time he was eleven. At sixteen he went to Marseilles to become a sailor.
He spent twenty years at sea, rising to captain in the British merchant navy, and in 1890 took a steamer up the Congo River, a journey that nearly killed him. He settled in England and wrote novels in English, his third language, among them Lord Jim, Nostromo and Heart of Darkness.